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100			_aBrelsford, Christa _945666
245			_aOptimal reblocking as a practical tool for neighborhood development
260			_bSage, _c2019.
300			_aVol 46, Issue 2, 2019,(303-321 p.)
520			_aFast urbanization is a common feature of many developing human societies. In many cases, past and present, explosive population growth in cities outstrips the rate of provision of housing and urban services and leads to the formation of informal settlements or slums. Slums are extremely varied in terms of their histories, infrastructure, and rates of change, but they share certain common features: informal land use, lack of physical accesses, and nonexistent or poor quality urban services. Currently, about 1 billion people worldwide live in slums, a number that could triple by 2050 if no practical solutions are enacted to reverse this trend. Underlying most problems of slums is the issue of lack of physical accesses to places of work and residence. This prevents residents and businesses from having an address, obtaining basic services such as water and sanitation, and being helped in times of emergency. Here, we show how the physical layout of any neighborhood can be classified quantitatively in terms of its access topology in a way that is independent of its geometry. Topological indices capturing levels of access to structures within a city block can then be used to define a constrained optimization problem, whose solution generates an access network that makes each structure in the settlement accessible to services with minimal disruption and cost. We discuss the general applicability of these techniques to several informal settlements in developing cities and demonstrate various technical aspects of our solutions. Finally, we discuss how these techniques could be used on a large scale to speed up human development processes in cities throughout the world while respecting their local identity and history.
650			_aUrbanization, _945667
650			_a Infrastructure networks, topology, constrained optimization, slums, human development _945668
650			_atopology, _944773
650			_aconstrained optimization, _945669
650			_a slums, _933558
650			_ahuman development _945670
700			_aMartin, Taylor _945671
700			_a Bettencourt, Luís MA _945672
773	0		_011590 _915512 _dSage 2019. _t Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/2399808317712715
942			_2ddc _cART